Exploring the Differences Between Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Excelsa Coffee Beans

At first glance, coffee beans may appear similar in shape regardless of their type. However, there are distinct characteristics among these types of coffee beans. Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Excelsa are types of coffee beans that are commonly grown in Indonesia and each possesses its uniqueness.

Among the various types of coffee beans, Arabica and Robusta are the most favored by the public. Nearly 90% of coffee enthusiasts prefer these types of beans over Liberica and Excelsa. Despite being less popular, both of these types of coffee beans have their own unique characteristics that set them apart from other types of coffee beans.

So, to understand the differences between these four types of coffee beans, make sure to read this article until the end. This way, you can determine which coffee beans suit you best.

Arabica

Arabica coffee beans are the most popular type among all coffee varieties. Almost 60% of the coffee market is dominated by this type of coffee bean.

Arabica coffee bean was first discovered in Ethiopia in the 7th or 8th century by accident, by a goat. The goat herder noticed that his livestock became more energetic after consuming the coffee plant. As a result, the cultivation and development of these coffee beans began in Yaman in the 15th century. Until now, Arabica coffee beans have spread worldwide, including in Indonesia.

The Arabica coffee plant is known as a plant that is prone to pests, this plant can only grow in areas with altitudes ranging from 600 to 2000 meters above sea level and cool air temperatures. Air and altitude are the main factors determining the flavor of this coffee plant. The higher the Arabica coffee tree is planted, the better quality beans it will produce.

Robusta

With a stronger and more bitter taste, Robusta coffee becomes the second most commonly enjoyed type of coffee after Arabica. These coffee beans are often used as raw material for instant coffee sachets.

Robusta coffee was first discovered in 1898 in the Congo, Africa. Originally native to Africa, this plant was later cultivated and has now spread worldwide.

Unlike Arabica, Robusta is known for its ease of cultivation. This coffee can grow in lowlands and is resistant to hot weather. Therefore, this plant is more resistant to pests and diseases.

Liberica

Although not as popular as the two previous types of coffee, Liberica is a type of coffee that has its own uniqueness. Its large beans and rich taste set it apart from other coffee beans.

Liberica coffee was first discovered and grown on the mainland of Africa. It then spread to Southeast Asia and grew in Indonesia and the Philippines. This coffee began to show its existence in the 19th century. At that time, there was a disease that attacked Arabica coffee plantations, causing damage to coffee plants. The failed harvest affected several regions, leaving the Philippines as the remaining producer of Liberica coffee. Hence, this coffee is known as Disease-Resistant Coffee.

Liberica coffee is considered a rare type of coffee because it is only grown in a few regions. Its limited production and difficulty in finding it in the market make this coffee relatively more expensive than Arabica and Robusta coffee.

Excelsa

Excelsa coffee is a type of coffee that only grows in Africa and Asia. It has a unique flavor profile, with a tendency towards acidity and a heavier fruitiness.

Ideally, this coffee grows in regions with tropical climates and low rainfall. Weather conditions greatly determine the success of the coffee plant's harvest because if it is located in areas with high rainfall, its productivity will decrease. The areas for cultivating Excelsa coffee beans tend to be not too difficult. This plant can grow at altitudes ranging from 0 to 750 meters above sea level.

Differences between Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Exselca

To make it easier to differentiate these coffee beans, we have summarized them in a table that is easier to understand.

	Arabica	Robusta	Liberica	Excelsa
Picture
Shape	Oval-shaped, flat, and greasy	Circular-shaped, pale, and dry	Teardrop-shaped, large, asymmetrical	Irregular-shaped
Caffeine content	Low (2,24%)	High (3,89%)	Low (1,23%)	Low (1,33%)
Taste	Delicate, smooth, fruity and sweet, slightly acidic	Bitter, earthy, grainy, acidic, has nutty and chocolatey notes	Bitter top notes with a hint of floral and spine, slightly smoky	Combination of sour, sweet, and taste of savory
Body	Light to medium	Full-bodied	Light to medium-bodied	Bold

In conclusion, exploring Arabica, Robusta, Liberika, and Excelsa coffee beans unveils a diverse world of flavors. While Arabica and Robusta dominate, Liberika and Excelsa offer unique tastes for adventurous coffee lovers. Whether you prefer the delicate notes of Arabica or the boldness of Robusta, there's a coffee bean waiting to be enjoyed. So, why not embark on a tasting journey and discover your perfect cup? Cheers to the rich and varied world of coffee!